Frequently Asked Questions
What is a genome?
A genome is the full set of DNA instructions in a cell. In humans, it's made up of 23 pairs of chromosomes, one from each parent. Most human genomes are similar, but small changes in the DNA sequence, called Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs, pronounced "snips"), create genetic differences between people. While most SNPs don't affect health, some can influence diseases or traits passed through families.
What is the difference between genetics and genomics?
Genetics focuses on individual genes and how traits are inherited from parents. Genomics, on the other hand, looks at the entire genome. It studies how genes interact with each other and how factors like lifestyle and the environment can affect gene expression and health.
Can genes be changed?
Gene editing is a process that can change genes, helping researchers study diseases and develop treatments, though it can raise ethical concerns in certain applications. Genomics looks at how diet, environment, and lifestyle can affect gene expression, without physically changing the genes themselves. This is called epigenetics, where gene activity is turned on or off, like flipping a switch.
How is genetic testing done?
Genetic testing is done by collecting a small sample of DNA -- blood, saliva, or tissue (we use a cheek swab) -- which is then analyzed by laboratory technicians who examine the DNA within the sample. Any genetic variations (SNPs - pronounced "snips") are noted and a detailed genomic report is created. We have partnered with IntellxxDNA, a genomics lab in Austin, TX, for our testing.
How often do I need to be tested? When is the best time to test?
Genes do not change over the course of your lifetime. They only need to be tested once and can be tested as soon as birth.
I've done direct-to-consumer tests, like 23 and Me, how is this different?
We appreciate that the marketing of consumer products has brought the concept of genomics and health into the public eye, however the tests and reports that they deliver are not medically comprehensive. These tests only show variants relayed through selected, single SNPs, which don’t tell the whole story from a clinical perspective. Read more here.
How do I schedule a consultation?
Visit our Get Started page to select the genomic report you would like to receive. Upon payment, your kit will be ordered by Dr. Sotos. Once your results are in, Dr. Sotos will contact you to schedule your telehealth consultation.
What can I expect during my consultation?
During your scheduled telehealth appointment, Dr. Sotos will review your "hot spots," or those areas with the highest potential impact on your health, and create a customized plan with ways to modify your diet, lifestyle or environment, as well as suggest supplements, that may influence gene expression. Only genes that are actionable, meaning they can be turned "on" or "off," are included. You will receive a detailed genomic report at the conclusion of your appointment via an online portal. The goal is that your genomic report and consultation will leave you feeling educated and empowered to make decisions about your health and well-being.
Can I use my health insurance?
Sotos Functional Genomics does not accept insurance of any kind. This includes Medicare and Medicaid. Payment is due in full upon purchase of a genomic report. We accept all major credit cards.
Does Dr. Sotos replace my primary care doctor?
Dr. Maryelaine Sotos and Sotos Functional Genomics does not serve as a primary care office. Clients are expected to maintain a primary care physician for urgent needs and routine exams.
Do I really want to know the potential risks associated with my DNA? It feels scary.
It's important to remember that certain genes have flexibility and do not have to be your destiny. Understanding your genomic profile empowers you to make intelligent health and wellness choices now that may impact your quality of life later. Your genomic profile is just one of several factors to consider when making clinical decisions to help you achieve optimal health.
Should I share my genomic report with my doctor?
Any information within medical records, genomic or otherwise, is subject to review by providers of life insurance, long-term care insurance and disability insurance. However, rest assured that Dr. Sotos will not share your genomic results with anyone without your explicit permission in writing. While she does utilize an electric medical record for her own record keeping, it is not linked with any insurance payers or providers due to how she has set up her practice. If your genomic report uncovers a risk that may be important to include in your health record, you can, of course, discuss the pros and cons with your primary care physician.
Is my data private?
Dr. Sotos will not share your genomic results with anyone without your explicit permission in writing. While she does utilize an electronic medical record for her own record keeping, it is not linked with any insurance payers or providers due to how she has set up her practice. Both Sotos Functional Genomics and IntellxxDNA have policies and procedures in place to comply with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, as amended ("HIPPA") to maintain the privacy and security of protected health information (PHI) you provide. Both use high level encryption services in an effort to maintain the security of PHI. However, if a breach occurs that may have compromised the privacy of security of PHI, we will notify you promptly.
